24^th International Conference on Neurosurgery and Neuroscience March 18-19, 2019 Edinburgh, Scotland

Clinical and surgical examination which deals with the neurological treatment of specific disorders related to  brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system is termed as neurosurgery. Emergencies like intracranial hemorrhage and neuro trauma are basically involved in most of the neurosurgery. Intracerebral hemorrhage being the main cause of morbidity and mortality, results in affecting between 37 000 and 52 400 patients annually in the United States. By the year 2020, Global Interventional Neurology Market is expected to reach $2,370.4 Million, expected to have a CAGR of 8.4% from 2015 to 2020. Recent advances in surgical technology have meant that the focus of treatment for spinal conditions has progressed towards preservation of normal spinal motion and sparing of structures adjacent to problem areas. Some of the crucial types of neurosurgery includes vascular neurosurgery and endovascular neurosurgery, stereotactic neurosurgery, functional neurosurgery, and epilepsy surgery, brain tumor, oncological neurosurgery, skull base surgery, spinal neurosurgery, peripheral nerve surgery. 

Epilepsy may occur as a result of a number of other conditions including tumors, strokes, head trauma, previous infections of the central nervous system, genetic abnormalities, and as a result of Brain damage around the time of birth. Parkinson’s disease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system mainly affecting the motor system. The motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease result from the death of dopamine-generating cells in the substantia nigra, a region of the mid brain.

Skull base surgery is an exceptionally concentrated arrangement of surgical strategies performed to treat different conditions that influence the skull. Skull base surgery is done to remove both benign and cancerous tumours, abnormalities of brain and few vertebrae of the spinal column. Skull base surgery is performed either traditional way or by minimally invasive way. Brain damage consists 35% of total injuries all over the world. Cost burden is €400 billion every year in Europe.

According to the report of the World Health Organization (WHO) on neurology shows that neurological disorders, ranging from epilepsy to Alzheimer disease, from stroke to headache, affect up to one billion people worldwide. An estimated 6.8 million people die every year as a result of neurological disorders. There are more than 600 diseases of the nervous system. . The disorders include diseases concerned with the central and peripheral nervous system, such as brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, the autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction and muscles. As the global population ages, the impact of neurological disorders will be felt both in developed and developing countries, reaching a significant proportion in countries with a growing percentage of the population over 65 years.

Chronic pain related with tissue injury is termed as neuropathic pain. Neurosurgery plays a huge impact on such neuropathic pain. The impact of nerve fiber injury includes a change in nerve function both at the site of injury and areas around the injury. Nerve pressure or nerve damage after surgery or trauma along with viral infections, cancer, and even vascular malformations, alcoholism, neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis and metabolic conditions such as diabetes are the common cause of neuropathic pain. Peripheral neuropathic pain, central neuropathic pain, or mixed (peripheral and central) neuropathic pains are the three basic mechanism of neuropathic pain.

Statistics says that 7- 8% of the European population is affected, out of which 5% of patients are severely traumatized. Anti-epileptics, Antidepressants, Opioids, Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (PENS) are the few treatment processes for neuropathic pain.

Neuropharmacology is the study of drugs that affect cellular functions in the neural mechanisms and nervous system, through which they influence behavior. Molecular neuropharmacology involve the study of neurons and their neurochemical interactions with the overall motive of developing new drugs that have beneficial effects on nervous system .This session also includes to group think the alteration in psychiatric diseases, neuromodulation and the recent Drug development in the field of Neuro-immunological disorders.

Discectomy or Micro discectomy, Laminectomy, and Laminotomy are the common surgical procedure.

Spinal surgery market on neurology has a high chance of reaching $6.9 billion by 2020. Global spinal surgery devices market is expected to reach $14.8 billion by 2017, with an estimated yearly growth rate of 5.1% in the next five years and in Europe it is expected to reach $2,993.6 million by 2019. Although spinal fusions still hold the largest market share, disc replacements are pushing forward in popularity as they become more available among spine practices. The Millennium Research Group reported that the global spinal non-fusion market would surpass $1.6 billion by 2022, nearly tripling in size from just a few years ago.

Neuroanesthesia is one of the specialties under neurosurgery that have contributed tremendously over the years to neuroscience yet it remained non-accredited and supported. Neuroanesthetic management is different from general anesthesia because it can have a major effect on the brain and spinal cord through the control of blood flow, blood pressure and energy consumption of these organs. Somatosensory Evoked Potential Monitoring (SEP Monitoring) and Motor Evoked Potential Monitoring (MEP monitoring) are used as one of the important technique for treatment in spinal cord and brain surgeries.

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder with diverse clinical characteristics that preclude a singular mechanism a neurological disorder marked by sudden recurrent episodes of seizures due to disturbances in electrical signalling and its transmission in the brain. The fact that multiple mechanisms exist is not surprising given the varied ways the normal nervous system controls this balance. In contrast, understanding seizures in the brain of an individual with epilepsy is more difficult because seizures are typically superimposed on an altered nervous system. 

In general, there is a less than a one percent chance of developing a malignant CNS or brain tumor over the course of one's lifetime. The risk increases once the age increases. Among people under the age of 20, 4.5 per 100,000 persons will be diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor. This very rate rises to 57 per 100,000 persons after age 75. Brain tumors are the second-leading cause of death due to cancer for children and teens under age 20, females under 20 years of age, males under 40 years of age.

The central nervous system is a highly specialized network which organizes interactions dealing with two major parts which are brain and spinal cord. The CNS is vulnerable to various disorders. Trauma, Infections, Degeneration, Structural defects, Tumors, Blood flow disruption, Autoimmune disorders etc., are the reasons which hinders central nervous system. Statistics reveals that approximately 22 million patients suffer from various forms of central nervous system disorder. According to a new United Nations report, 6.8 million people die out of the maladies each year. 

Novel therapeutics basically deals with the Novel Treatment strategies like Therapeutic Brain stimulation (electric and magnetic), Tau-Based Treatment Strategies in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Anti-amyloid therapy, Comprehensive treatment, Therapeutic dilemmas in multiple sclerosis and Future research directions in Brain disorders. Neurosurgery is such a significant topic that needs to be researched more for further cure and solution.

• Anxiety Disorders
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Eating Disorders
• Adult Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD/ADD)
• Hypomanic Episode
• Postpartum Depression

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a nondegenerative, noncongenital affront to the brain from an outer mechanical power, potentially prompting perpetual or impermanent disability of psychological, physical, and psychosocial capacities with a related decreased or modified condition of cognizance. Frequently, the term brain injury is utilized synonymously with head damage, which may not be connected with neurological deficiencies. The definition additionally has been dangerous with varieties in consideration criteria. In case of diffuse axonal injury brain neurons which communicate with each other are injured and loss the ability to communicate and integrate with each other. In United States 1.4 million people endure a traumatic brain injury (TBI) each year among which around 50,000 die, 235,000 are hospitalized. Head injury is very common among young adults and Trauma is the leading cause of death in people under 40.